An intrauterine device (IUD) is a small device shaped like a T that is introduced into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. It is one of the most effective birth control methods (99% effective [1,2]) and is long-term, convenient, and reversible [3].
There are two types of IUDs: hormonal and copper. The hormonal IUDs last 3-8 years depending on the brand, while the copper IUD can stay inside the uterus for up to 12 years [3]. Hormonal IUDs release progestin (synthetic progesterone) in small quantities [4], preventing the ovaries from releasing an egg (read more here). Progestin also makes the mucus around the cervix thicker and thins the lining of the uterus. The first process makes it harder for the sperm to get inside the uterus, while the second makes it more difficult for a fertilized egg to attach. On the other hand, the copper IUD releases copper ions that are toxic to sperm.
Advantages and disadvantages [4 - 7]
Potential side effects [2,5]
Side effects differ from the copper to the hormonal one. In general, cramps and spotting are common at the beginning and disappear within 3-6 months when the body adjusts. Other risks associated with IUDs are:
They can move and be less effective. To avoid this, it is important to check the strings once in a while and refrain from using a menstrual cup.
Even though it is very rare, the IUD can perforate the uterine wall during insertion. If this happens, the doctor will remove the IUD immediately and inform you of the next steps.
There is a slim chance of getting a pelvic infection within the first 20 days of insertion.
If the IUD fails at preventing pregnancy, there is a higher risk of having an ectopic pregnancy (where the egg implants outside of the uterus).
Some brands of IUDs can increase the risk of benign ovarian cysts. They are usually harmless and leave on their own within 3 months, although in some cases they can cause bloating, swelling, or pain.
In conclusion, IUDs can be a great contraceptive for many people as it is convenient, effective, and the side effects are rare. However, there are many options available. Learn more about hormonal and non-hormonal contraceptives to choose the best for you. Even though IUDs can be used as emergency contraception in some cases, the morning-after pill is more widely used. Stay tuned for next week's post where we talked about the difference between the morning-after pill and long-term hormonal contraceptives!
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Written by: María
Edited by: Natasha
BioDecoded is a volunteer group committed to sharing accurate scientific information. We cannot offer any specific health advice. If you have any doubts about your personal health, please speak with your healthcare professional or family physician. Your doctor can revise your medical history and advise you on the best path to follow. If you have any questions about this topic or would like to learn more, please comment below or send us your questions.
References:
Birth Control Methods & Options | Types of Birth Control (2023). Planned parenthood. Available at: https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control (Accessed: 11 April 2023).
Birth Control and the IUD (Intrauterine Device) (2023). Web MD. Available at: https://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/iud-intrauterine-device (Accessed: 11 April 2023).
IUD Birth Control | Info About Mirena & Paragard IUDs (2023). Planned Parenthood. Available at: https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/iud (Accessed: 11 April 2023).
Deciding about an IUD (2023). MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Available at: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000774.htm (Accessed: 11 April 2023).
Intrauterine device (IUD) (2017). NHS. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/contraception/iud-coil/ (Accessed: 11 April 2023).
What Are the Benefits & Advantages of the IUD? (2023). Planned Parenthood. Available at: https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/iud/what-are-the-benefits-of-iuds (Accessed: 11 April 2023).
What Are the Side Effects & Complications of the IUD? (2023). Planned Parenthood. Available at: https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/iud/what-are-the-disadvantages-of-iuds (Accessed: 11 April 2023)
Comments