There are many different types of birth control, from natural methods to medicines, devices or surgery. When choosing birth control, it is crucial to understand the different methods and choose the best one for you - not everyone will like the same methods. It is also essential to understand that no birth control is perfect, the only way to prevent pregnancy 100% is abstinence. Therefore, each person needs to balance the advantages and disadvantages of the different options.
Barrier contraceptives
Barrier contraceptives physically block sperm from reaching an egg [1,2]. These methods are typically easy to use, relatively inexpensive, and mostly available without a prescription. It is also important to note that some people may have allergies or sensitivities to certain materials.
Condoms
(87% efficiency, 98% if used perfectly every single time [2])
Condoms are thin and stretchy pouches worn on the penis during sex [1]. It prevents pregnancy by collecting semen. There are three types depending on the preference: latex, plastic and lambskin [3].
Along with preventing pregnancy, latex and plastic condoms prevent STD transmission, as it avoids contact between semen and vaginal fluids. On the other hand, lambskin condoms do not protect against STDs as they have small holes that block semen, but not bacteria or viruses.
To avoid damaging the condom, ensure that it is not expired, use the correct lube, and only use one condom. Using two (or a condom and an internal condom) may increase the chances of tearing.
Internal condoms
(79% efficiency, 95% if used perfectly every single time [2])
Internal (also referred to as female) condoms work similarly to external condoms, but they are placed inside the vagina or anus [1]. In addition to preventing pregnancy, they also protect against STDs.
Spermicide
(79% efficiency by itself, 86% efficiency alongside other methods [2])
Spermicide is a chemical that is introduced deep into the vagina before sex. It works by blocking the entrance to the cervix and by slowing down the sperm movement [1]. However, using it several times a day can cause irritation and increase the risks of STDs [4].
Diaphragms and cervical caps
(alongside spermicide: 87% efficiency for diaphragms / 86% efficiency for cervical caps, 71% after given birth [2])
Both are very similar, they cover the cervix to prevent pregnancy. Some differences are as followed [5]:
Cervical caps are smaller than diaphragms.
Cervical caps are shaped like a sailor’s hat, while diaphragms look like a dish.
Cervical caps can be used up to one year while diaphragms can be used for up to 2 years.
Cervical caps can be left inside for longer (up to 2 days).
Diaphragms and caps need to be kept inside for at least six hours after intercourse, but no more than 24 hours or two days total respectively to avoid bacterial growth [6].
Sponges
(86% effective, 78% if you have given birth [2])
Sponges are small, round, made from soft plastic, and contains spermicide. It prevents pregnancy by positioning against the cervix and, therefore, blocking the entrance of the uterus [8].
Surgical contraceptives
Tubal ligation [10] or vasectomy [11] are surgical birth controls that either block or cut a part of the reproductive system. A reversal surgery can only be done if only a small part of the tubes (fallopian tubes in females and vas deferens tubes in males) were removed or if they were closed with clips [12,13].
All non-hormonal contraceptives are quite efficient if used correctly, and, most of them can be combined to be more efficient and to prevent STDs. Keep in mind, a healthcare provider can help determine the best method of birth control for each individual's needs and preferences.
Keep in touch for next week’s post, where we will discuss hormonal options and IUDs!
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Written by: María
Edited by: Natasha
BioDecoded is a volunteer group committed to sharing accurate scientific information. We cannot offer any specific health advice. If you have any doubts about your personal health, please speak with your healthcare professional or family physician. Your doctor can revise your medical history and advise you on the best path to follow. If you have any questions about this topic or would like to learn more, please comment below or send us your questions.
References:
Patient education: Barrier and pericoital methods of birth control (2023). UpToDate. Available at: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/barrier-and-pericoital-methods-of-birth-control-beyond-the-basics (Accessed: 22 March 2023).
Birth Control Methods & Options | Types of Birth Control (2023). Planned parenthood. Available at: https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control (Accessed: 22 March 2023).
Condoms (2023). Planned parenthood. Available at: https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/condom (Accessed: 22 March 2023).
Nonoxynol-9 ineffective in preventing HIV infection (2002). World Health Organization. Available at: https://www.who.int/news/item/28-06-2002-nonoxynol-9-ineffective-in-preventing-hiv-infection (Accessed: 22 March 2023).
Cervical Cap | What is a Cervical Cap? (2023). Planned parenthood. Available at: https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/cervical-cap (Accessed: 22 March 2023).
Contraceptive diaphragm or cap (2018). NHS. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/contraception/contraceptive-diaphragm-or-cap/ (Accessed: 22 March 2023).
Is the Diaphragm Safe? (2023). Planned parenthood. Available at: https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/diaphragm/how-safe-is-the-diaphragm (Accessed: 22 March 2023).
Birth Control Sponges (2023). Planned parenthood. Available at: https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/birth-control-sponge (Accessed: 22 March 2023).
Is the Birth Control Sponge Safe & Is It Right For You? (2023). Planned parenthood. Available at: https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/birth-control-sponge/how-safe-sponge (Accessed: 22 March 2023).
Tubal Ligation Procedure | Female Sterilization (2023). Planned parenthood. Available at: https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/sterilization (Accessed: 22 March 2023).
Male Vasectomy Procedure | What is a Vasectomy? (2023). Planned parenthood. Available at: https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/vasectomy (Accessed: 22 March 2023).
What Is Tubal Ligation Reversal? (2023). Web MD. Available at: https://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/guide/tubal-ligation-reversal (Accessed: 22 March 2023).
Vasectomy Reversal: Treatment & Information (2023). Urology Care Foundation. Available at: https://www.urologyhealth.org/urology-a-z/v/vasectomy-reversal (Accessed: 22 March 2023).
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